I changed my Microsoft Account password for a while but for some reason on an old laptop the Windows password is still the old Microsoft Account password.
I found this in the MS forums from a user BartJolling:
To re-sync the password: logon with the local administrator account, I open the command prompt and type:
runas /u:MicrosoftAccount\[my account] cmd.exe
or
runas /u:[my account]@outlook.com cmd.exe
replacing [my account] with the actual account name of the Microsoft Account
This will force the machine to resync the password so when you get prompted you can type the most recent password. As from that point on, RDP will recognize your new password.
I also tried the above commands while being logged on as the standard user. It looks like you can do the “runas” command for the current user, so you might not even need to use another account.